Chapter 7 Bankruptcy in Florida

What is Chapter 7 Bankruptcy?

In Florida, Chapter 7 Bankruptcy is the legal procedure where the debtor’s unsecured debt is discharged after the debtor’s non-exempt assets have been liquidated. A person must be a permanent Florida resident or own property in the state to file a Chapter 7 bankruptcy in Florida.

Florida has three bankruptcy districts (Southern District, Middle District, and Northern District), and each of Florida’s counties is assigned to one of the three bankruptcy districts. People must file bankruptcy in the district and local division where they reside.

Understanding Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

Filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy in Florida includes the following steps:

1. Determine if bankruptcy is the best option. The debtor lists all their assets and debts to determine if Chapter 7 bankruptcy will solve their financial problems.
2. Evaluate applicable exemptions. The debtor and the attorney consider what property may be exempt and excluded from the bankruptcy estate.  
3. Prepare the bankruptcy petition. The petition includes all the information about your debts, your income, and your assets.
4. Automatic stay. Also called a “suggestion of bankruptcy,” the automatic stay stops all collection efforts during the bankruptcy process. Mortgage creditors and other unsecured creditors can seek relief from the stay to foreclose on secured property.
5. Assignment to a Chapter 7 trustee. The bankruptcy case is assigned to an Orlando bankruptcy trustee. A meeting is held in a conference room with you, your bankruptcy attorney, and the trustee.
6. Objection to exemptions. The bankruptcy trustee can assert objections to any exemptions claimed in the bankruptcy petition.
7. Adversary claims. A trustee or a creditor can file an adversary claim if a creditor believes its debt is excluded from discharge or if a creditor thinks the debtor has abused the bankruptcy process.
8. Bankruptcy discharge. Any non-exempt assets will be sold by the bankruptcy trustee. The sale proceeds will be distributed to creditors. Your dischargeable debts will then be discharged by the bankruptcy court.

Filing bankruptcy is not simply filling out bankruptcy forms. There are some areas of bankruptcy law that are most frequently the subject of debtor questions. These areas include the means test, bankruptcy exemptions, keeping a car, objections to discharge, and other frequently asked questions.

Does Bankruptcy Work?

Bankruptcy should not be the first option to solve financial problems. People who have significant assets and relatively high incomes generally do not do well in bankruptcy court.

Florida law offers generous exemptions that protect a debtor’s assets from creditor collection in state court proceedings. These exemptions are diminished in bankruptcy court pursuant to federal law. Bankruptcy trustees have more collection remedies than do the typical judgment creditor. Filing bankruptcy has a greater negative impact on credit rating than a single civil judgment.

Bankruptcy is a good solution for debtors with few assets and sources of income. For everyone else, bankruptcy should be the last resort.

Florida Bankruptcy Exemptions

The bankruptcy process starts with a comprehensive listing of the debtor’s assets. Any property in which the debtor has either a legal or equitable interest is included in what is referred to as “the bankruptcy estate.” During a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the assets in the bankruptcy estate will be sold. However, many types of assets are exempt from inclusion in the bankruptcy estate. The bankruptcy debtor may retain their exempt assets.

In Florida bankruptcy, exemptions that apply are determined by the state where the debtor has been domiciled for the 730 days (two years) immediately preceding the filing date.

Some bankruptcy debtors who are Florida residents when they file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy are not entitled to Florida exemptions because they have not lived in Florida during the preceding two-year period. Those debtors must claim bankruptcy exemptions allowed by the state in which they were domiciled for 180 days immediately preceding the two-year period, or the state in which they were domiciled for the longer portion of such 180-day period.

In other words, a person filing bankruptcy in Florida today is eligible for the property exemptions they could have claimed if they had filed two years ago. If the bankruptcy debtor was a Florida resident two years ago, they claim Florida exemptions today; if two years ago the debtor resided in a different state, then they are entitled to the exemptions of the state of their prior residence (or federal exemptions if that state has residency requirements for the use of its exemptions).

Homestead Exemption in Florida Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

The Florida Constitution exempts a Florida homestead of unlimited value from liens and execution. A debtor may protect unlimited amounts of money invested in a homestead property. A debtor may invest money into an exempt homestead even after being sued. These homestead rules apply in state court collection proceedings. Bankruptcy law does not affect Florida’s unlimited homestead exemption in state court proceedings.

But bankruptcy law is a federal law, and federal law preempts state law in certain cases; bankruptcy is an instance of federal preemption. The Florida homestead exemption is applied differently in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy than in Florida state court.

There are value ceilings and purchase deadlines applicable to Florida’s homestead exemption in Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Under federal bankruptcy law, the debtor’s Florida homestead is exempt up to a value of approximately $190,000 (2022) unless the debtor occupied their current Florida homestead property and previous Florida homestead properties for a continuous 40-month period prior to filing bankruptcy. Joint bankruptcy debtors can protect approximately $380,000 of a jointly owned homestead. (2022) These numbers increase from time to time, so debtors should get the current limits from their bankruptcy attorney. Chapter 7 bankruptcy debtors are entitled to an unlimited homestead exemption if they have occupied their Florida homestead for more than 40 months prior to filing.

Under federal bankruptcy law, a debtor’s investment of non-exempt money in a homestead property within ten years of filing bankruptcy may be challenged by the bankruptcy trustee if the transfer was intended to defraud creditors.

Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Petition

A debtor initiates a Chapter 7 bankruptcy by filing a Petition with the bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy petition is a standard federal form that covers substantial financial information about the debtor and their family. Debtors must sign their petitions under oath.

The bankruptcy petition requires the debtor to list all their unsecured debts separately from their secured debts. Unsecured debts include personal loans and credit cards issued by banks, such as Visa, MasterCard, American Express, or Discover, and other credit cards used to purchase consumable items. Vehicle leases, medical bills, and personal loans are also unsecured debts. Tax debt is also unsecured until the IRS issues a tax lien.

The Chapter 7 bankruptcy debtor is required to list all liabilities, no matter how remote. The bankruptcy petition should list any claim that anyone might have against the debtor, even if the claim has not yet matured. For example, if the bankruptcy debtor is a co-debtor on a note, has personally guaranteed corporate or other debt, or is secondarily liable on a mortgage that a purchaser has assumed, the debt should be listed along with a brief explanation of the liability. Disputed debts and liabilities should also be listed. If the debtor has ever had a home mortgage insured by a government agency (such as the VA), the petition must list that agency as a contingent creditor. This should be done even when someone purchased the property and assumed the mortgage since they might default, and the VA could decide to pursue a claim against the debtor.

Secured debts include those debts where the creditor has a security interest in the debtor’s property to guarantee payment. Examples of secured debts include mortgages, car loans, and loans from finance companies (usually secured by household items). If a debtor has purchased goods using a store credit card, such as a card from Rooms to Go, Best Buy, etc., the store probably has a security interest in certain items purchased, making the store a secured creditor.

The debtor must indicate on the bankruptcy petition whether they want to either reaffirm or redeem each secured debt or surrender the secured property to the secured creditor. A bankruptcy debtor is entitled to keep any secured property if the debtor continues to pay the loan for that property on time. The secured creditor may not thereafter recover any money from the debtor if the debtor elects to surrender the secured property.

Florida Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Procedures

Means Test

The Florida bankruptcy means test is a complex formula to determine eligibility to file Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Debtors whose household income is under their state’s median income, and debtors whose debts are primarily business-related, are exempt from means test qualification. Bankruptcy debtors whose gross household income is above median income must pass the means test to file Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Bankruptcy relief may be denied for debtors who pass the means test if, based upon their household income, the court finds that bankruptcy relief would amount to a “substantial abuse” of bankruptcy law.

Automatic Stay

An automatic stay is imposed immediately upon the filing of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. The stay prohibits creditors from pursuing legal action against the debtor and stops all creditor legal collection efforts. The bankruptcy attorney can file a Suggestion of Bankruptcy in ongoing civil lawsuits involving the debtor. The Suggestion of Bankruptcy suspends all such litigation. Debtors need to provide their attorney with a copy of any lawsuits filed against them so that the attorney may prepare a Suggestion of Bankruptcy.

In Chapter 7 bankruptcy cases, mortgage creditors typically file a Motion for Relief From Automatic Stay so that they may foreclose on secured property if the debtor does not make payments on time. The bankruptcy court will usually grant this motion. The creditor can take the bankruptcy debtor’s property only if the debtor does not pay secured loans in a timely manner, and only after the creditor forecloses its lien in state court.

Reaffirmation Agreements

A Chapter 7 debtor must file, within 60 days of the Trustee meeting, a reaffirmation agreement for all secured property the debtor wants to retain. The automatic stay is lifted as to that property if the debtor does not sign the reaffirmation agreement or redeem the property within 60 days.  The creditor is permitted to repossess the property, even if the debtor’s payments are current.

A reaffirmation agreement states that the debtor agrees to remain personally liable to pay the debt after the bankruptcy is over. If the debtor does not sign a reaffirmation, the Chapter 7 bankruptcy will wipe out the debt, but the secured creditor can take the secured property.

The debtor’s bankruptcy attorney will usually co-sign a reaffirmation agreement if the attorney believes the debtor has sufficient disposable income to pay the secured debt after the bankruptcy is concluded. The attorney may choose not to sign a reaffirmation agreement if the debtor has negative disposable income or if the attorney believes the debtor’s reaffirmation of the liability would create an undue hardship.

Suppose the bankruptcy attorney does not approve and co-sign a reaffirmation agreement. In that case, the Florida bankruptcy judge will review the reaffirmation agreement and either approve or deny the agreement, sometimes after an evidentiary hearing. The bankruptcy judge will deny reaffirmation if they believe that reaffirmation is not in the debtor’s best interest for a “fresh start.”

Even if the court refuses to approve a debtor’s reaffirmation, many creditors will let the bankruptcy debtor keep the secured property if payments are current.

Meeting the Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Trustee

A trustee is randomly appointed by the court immediately upon the filing of a Chapter 7 Petition. The Chapter 7 trustee is usually a private attorney or CPA. The trustee’s job in Chapter 7 bankruptcy is to gather all the debtor’s non-exempt assets, sell those assets (to either the debtor or an outside party), and distribute the proceeds among the debtor’s scheduled unsecured creditors.

The bankruptcy court will schedule a meeting with an appointed Chapter 7 trustee. This meeting is called the creditors’ meeting or the 341 meeting. The meeting is held in a conference room, not a courtroom. Typically, this meeting will last ten to fifteen minutes.

A representative of the U.S. Trustee’s office (a different trustee) sometimes attends these meetings. The debtor and their bankruptcy attorney must attend the creditors’ meeting (if filing jointly, both spouses must attend). As a practical matter, very few, if any, unsecured creditors attend. The Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee represents all creditors whether or not unsecured creditors attend the meeting of creditors.

The Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee asks the debtor questions at the creditors’ meeting, but they will not interrogate, cross-examine, or threaten the debtor. The trustee may ask the debtor why they filed bankruptcy and ask questions about their assets and sources of income. The trustee often asks about the debtor’s income and expenses to make sure the debtor qualifies for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and that the bankruptcy is not an abusive filing.

Creditors’ meetings are scheduled by the court based on the trustee’s schedule. The bankruptcy attorney is not able to request a meeting date or time. If the debtor or their attorney cannot attend the scheduled 341 meeting, the trustee usually schedules a “make-up” meeting approximately two weeks after the first date. The trustee may move to have the bankruptcy dismissed if the debtor fails to attend the second meeting.

Objections to Debtor’s Bankruptcy Exemptions

The Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee has 30 days after the conclusion of the creditors’ meeting to object to any exemption of property the debtor has claimed on the bankruptcy Petition.

If the trustee objects to a claimed exemption, the court will set a hearing at which time the debtor can support the exemption. Absent a trustee objection within 30 days after the filing date, all property the debtor claimed as exempt on the petition, including homestead, is exempted in bankruptcy and is not part of the bankruptcy estate.

Adversary Claims and Objections

If a creditor believes its debt should not be discharged, it may file “an adversary” case during the bankruptcy proceeding. The most common ground for a creditor filing an adversary case is fraud.

Fraud in this context is not criminal. In this context, “fraud” means that the debtor abused their relationship with the creditor and the bankruptcy process. Fraud supporting a creditors discharge objection could, for example, refer to a bankruptcy debtor who used a credit card to buy property or take cash advances prior to filing bankruptcy when the debtor was financially insolvent.

If a debtor incurred a debt when the debtor planned to file bankruptcy, the creditor could have a basis to set aside a discharge of that debt for fraud during an adversary case.

Bankruptcy Discharge

The bankruptcy discharge is the legal process that wipes out a debtor’s legal liability to pay unsecured creditors. The bankruptcy court issues a discharge order during the bankruptcy case.

Creditors of debts that have been discharged in bankruptcy can never again try to collect debts the debtor had incurred prior to filing bankruptcy. A debtor may sue a creditor for damages and sanctions if the creditor attempts to collect a debt after the debtor’s bankruptcy discharge has been entered. The court’s discharge order does not close the Chapter 7 bankruptcy case. The court issues a separate order closing the case after all issues are resolved.

Issues in Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

Keeping Your Car in Bankruptcy

The redemption process permits a debtor can keep their car in bankruptcy. Chapter 7 bankruptcy gives debtors “redeem” secured personal property such as furniture, computers, automobiles, or other property purchased on credit and secured by a lien in favor of the creditor.

Redemption means purchasing the property from the secured creditor at its current fair market value. Redemption can be financially beneficial for the debtor when the property’s fair market value is less than the amount due under the loan. A car is typically worth less than its outstanding loan balance. Redeeming a car permits the debtor to purchase the car at a discount on the car loan balance.

Executory Contracts During Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

An executory contract is a legal term referring to a contractual agreement that both parties are obligated to perform in consideration for a benefit (such as a car lease or a residential lease). Executory contracts do not include “at-will” contracts such as employment agreements or personal service contracts.

Chapter 7 bankruptcy permits the debtor, or the trustee, to assume or reject an executory contract. A debtor must decide if they want to remain bound by their executory contracts prior to the court’s issuance of a bankruptcy discharge which usually happens about 90 days after filing.

A car lease is an example of an executory contract. If the debtor rejects a car lease, they surrender the car to the leasing company and have no further personal liability. If the debtor wants to assume the lease they can keep the property provided they make the lease payments. The leasing company can take back the car if the debtor subsequently defaults on lease payments.

Assumption of an executory contract is not the same as a reaffirmation of the lease, and the leasing company may not sue the debtor for the balance of payments due under the lease following default.

Student Loans

Student loans are not dischargeable in Chapter 7 bankruptcy unless the debtor can demonstrate that loan payments impose “undue hardship.” To eliminate a student loan under the “undue hardship exception,” the debtor must file a separate motion with the bankruptcy court and appear before the bankruptcy judge with evidence of hardship. As a practical matter, it is difficult for bankruptcy debtors to demonstrate undue hardship unless they are physically unable to work.

Most bankruptcy courts use the Brunner test in determining hardship. Under this test, to discharge student loans in bankruptcy, the debtor must show:

1. That the debtor cannot maintain, based on current income and expenses, a ‘minimal’ standard of living if forced to repay the loans.
2. Additional circumstances exist indicating that this state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period of the student loans.
3. That the debtor has made good faith efforts to repay the loans.

FAQs About Chapter 7 Bankruptcy