Step Parent Adoption in Florida

In Florida, a stepparent adoption is a legal process that allows a person to gain equal parental status over a stepchild. Stepparent adoptions are finalized in Florida through a court order called a Final Judgment of Stepparent Adoption. A stepparent adoption (1) grants full parental rights to the stepparent, (2) terminates the parental rights of the absent parent, and (3) allows the parents to change the name of the child. After the stepparent adoption is complete, the birth certificate is amended to show the name of the stepparent.

A stepparent adoption legalizes the parental relationship that is already in place. In most cases, the adopting stepparent already fully acts as a parent of the child being adopted. The stepparent adoption just makes it official and legally valid. The adoption solidifies the relationship between the child and the adopting parent.

Requirements for Stepparent Adoption

In Florida, adoptions are governed by Chapter 63 of the Florida statutes. The requirements for a stepparent to adopt a stepchild in Florida are:

• The stepparent must be able to financially and morally support the stepchild.
• The stepparent and the stepparent’s spouse must file a joint petition for adoption.
• The petition must include (1) the child’s birth date and place of birth, (2) the name that should be given to the child, if the child’s name is being changed, (3) a statement of how long the stepparent has lived with the child, and (4) reasons why the stepparent wants to adopt the child.
• If applicable, the biological father must consent to the adoption. Or the petition must state the reason why the biological father’s consent is not required.

Note: the stepparent does not need to have lived in Florida for any specific amount of time. Instead, a stepparent can adopt their stepchild in Florida so long as the stepparent currently lives in Florida.

Filing the petition starts the process. Then the absent parent has a chance to oppose the adoption. If the absent parent does not contest the adoption or if the absent parent has consented, then the court will finalize the adoption and issue the child a new birth certificate showing the child’s new name and parents.

The rights of the absent parent do not need to be terminated prior to the adoption. If warranted, the court will terminate the absent parent’s parental rights through the final judgment of stepparent adoption.

In Florida, a child must be a resident for at least six months to be eligible for a stepparent adoption.

Five Steps to the Stepparent Adoption Process

To adopt a stepchild in Florida, a person must:

1. Get any required consents.
2. File the adoption petition.
3. Schedule the final hearing.
4. Conduct the final hearing.
5. Obtain an amended birth certificate.

1. Get Any Required Consents

The first part of the stepparent adoption process is for the non-custodial parent to give consent. For example, if you are the biological mother and wish for your spouse to adopt through a stepparent adoption, the biological father generally must consent to the adoption. If the non-custodial parent objects to the adoption, you’ll have to work with your attorney to overcome those objections.

Under Florida law, consent can sometimes be waived. A judge can waive consent under the following circumstances:

1. When a parent has abandoned a child.
2. When a parent has already had their rights terminated.
3. When a parent has been declared incompetent and the parent is not likely to get better.

Therefore, the consent of the absent biological parent is not always required. We can help you to determine whether you need to obtain consent.

Usually, the child being adopted must also consent if they are 12 or older. Other people must consent as well In some less common situations.

2. File the Stepparent Adoption Petition

A Petition for Stepparent Adoption is the formal request for the court to grant the adoption and give parental rights to the stepparent. Filing a Petition opens the court case. The petitioner, which is the stepparent asking for parental rights, files the petition along with other supporting documents legally required under Florida law.

The case can be filed in the country where you reside or in the county where your attorney is located. We file petitions in Seminole County, Florida, where most judges hear cases virtually.

3. Schedule the Final Hearing

Once the petition for the stepparent adoption is filed, the court will assign a judge to your case. Then your attorney will check the judge’s availability and schedule a time for the final adoption hearing. We will send you a Notice of Hearing for the scheduled time.

4. Conduct the Final Hearing

Most judges enjoy conducting stepparent adoption hearings. The hearing is a formal, but friendly meeting with the judge, after which the judge will rule on the adoption. Most judges conduct the hearings virtually.

The hearing typically takes 5-10 minutes. The judges will ask a few questions to make sure that everyone wants the adoption and the correct procedures were followed. After the hearing, the adoption will be finalized, and the stepparent will have full legal rights to the child. The judgment entered at or shortly after the hearing is what grants the stepparent full parental rights.

The effect of the adoption judgment is outlined by section 63.172 of Florida law:

A judgment of adoption, whether entered by a court of this state, another state, or of any other place, has the following effect:
(a) It relieves the birth parents of the adopted person, except a birth parent who is a petitioner or who is married to a petitioner, of all parental rights and responsibilities.
(b) It terminates all legal relationships between the adopted person and the adopted person’s relatives, including the birth parents, except a birth parent who is a petitioner or who is married to a petitioner, so that the adopted person thereafter is a stranger to his or her former relatives for all purposes, including the interpretation or construction of documents, statutes, and instruments, whether executed before or after entry of the adoption judgment, that do not expressly include the adopted person by name or by some designation not based on a parent and child or blood relationship, except that rights of inheritance shall be as provided in the Florida Probate Code.
(c) Except for rights of inheritance, it creates the relationship between the adopted person and the petitioner and all relatives of the petitioner that would have existed if the adopted person were a blood descendant of the petitioner born within wedlock. This relationship shall be created for all purposes, including applicability of statutes, documents, and instruments, whether executed before or after entry of the adoption judgment, that do not expressly exclude an adopted person from their operation or effect.
(2) If one or both parents of a child die without the relationship of parent and child having been previously terminated and a spouse of the living parent or a close relative of the child thereafter adopts the child, the child’s right of inheritance from or through the deceased parent is unaffected by the adoption and, unless the court orders otherwise, the adoption will not terminate any grandparent rights delineated under Chapter 752. For purposes of this subsection, a close relative of a child is the child’s brother, sister, grandparent, aunt, or uncle.

Section 63.172 of the Florida Statutes.

5. Obtain an Amended Birth Certificate

Once the adoption is finalized, you can apply for amended birth certificates that list the new mother or father. The old birth certificates will be sealed. We do this for you as your attorney.

Benefits of Stepparent Adoption

The benefits of a stepparent adoption in Florida include:

• Legalize the parent-child relationship. A stepparent adoption creates a legal bond that matches the already existing paren-child relationship between the stepparent and the child.
• Stability. A stepparent adoption provides a sense of stability for the child. The child can take comfort in having two legal parents instead of one.
• Estate planning. A stepparent adoption allows the child to inherit from the stepparent’s estate.
• Name change. In Florida, you will have the opportunity to change the child’s name through the stepparent adoption. In some circumstances, this would allow all family members to share the same last name.
• Emotional bond. A stepparent adoption can strengthen the bond between the child and the stepparent.
• Legal protection. Completing the stepparent adoption will help the child in the event the biological parent dies or becomes incapacitated.

Birth Father’s Rights in a Stepparent Adoption

If a birth parent still has parental rights over the child, the court must in most cases conclude that the birth parent has consented to the adoption or that the person’s consent is not necessary.

We try to identify first if consent from the birth parent is necessary; sometimes, you can adopt without the biological father’s consent. If consent is not required, we continue with the adoption. If consent is necessary, we attempt to obtain consent from the birth parent.

Contested Stepparent Adoptions

If you cannot get the absent parent to consent to the stepparent adoption, the best option may be to file to terminate the absent parent’s parental rights. Under Florida Statute §63.064, termination of parental rights of the absent parent is generally allowed if that parent has either:

• Abandoned the child.
• Been declared incompetent.

If you don’t know the location of the birth father or mother, Florida law lists several steps that you must take to find the birth parent before proceeding with the adoption.

Consent is generally not necessary if:

1. The parent has executed a surrender document witnessed by two witnesses.
2. The parent has abandoned the child.
3. The parent has engaged in behavior that endangers the life, safety, well-being, or health of the child.
4. The parent is incarcerated for a certain time period.
5. A child has been adjudicated dependent and the parent has not complied with the case plan filed with the court.
6. The parent has engaged in “egregious conduct” that threatened the health and well-being of the child or a sibling of the child.

In addition, not every parent must consent to the adoption. Under Florida law, the only individuals required to consent generally are (1) the mother of the child, (2) the father of the child if the child was born while the father was married to the mother, the child is the father’s by a prior adoption, the child has been adjudicated by the court to be the father’s child, the father has filed an affidavit of paternity or is listed on the child’s birth certificate, or finally, if the father has filed an acknowledgment of paternity in the Florida putative father registry. Note that Florida court decisions may alter the list of who must consent to an adoption.

Should we find the parent whose rights will be terminated, we must serve a copy of the adoption documents. Serving the documents is the lawful method of giving the required papers to the person who must be noticed.

In general, there are four ways to serve any person:

1. personal service
2. by mail
3. hand delivery
4. constructive service

For adoptions, personal service means delivering a copy of the adoption petition by a sheriff’s deputy or private process server to the parent. All petitions must be served by personal service. However, if the parent cannot be found, Florida law generally allows us to serve the parent whose rights are being terminated by constructive service. Constructive service means service by publication–a legal notice is posted in a court-approved publication (certain newspapers).

Can Same-Sex Couples Get a Stepparent Adoption?

With the legalization of gay marriage throughout Florida, stepparent adoption is now available for same-sex couples. As of January 2015, same-sex couples can now get married, so gay and lesbian couples can adopt the child of their same-sex spouse. Previously, gay and lesbian couples would have to go through a slightly different process called a “second parent adoption.”

Can Someone Challenge the Stepparent Adoption?

Generally, nobody can challenge the adoption after one year (but there are a few exceptions). The relevant section is 63.142 of the Florida Statutes:

At the conclusion of the hearing, after the court determines that the date for a parent to file an appeal of a valid judgment terminating that parent’s parental rights has passed and no appeal, pursuant to the Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure, is pending and that the adoption is in the best interest of the person to be adopted, a judgment of adoption shall be entered. A judgment terminating parental rights pending adoption is voidable and any later judgment of adoption of that minor is voidable if, upon a parent’s motion for relief from judgment, the court finds that the adoption substantially fails to meet the requirements of this chapter. The motion must be filed within a reasonable time, but not later than 1 year after the date the judgment terminating parental rights was entered.

Section 63.142 of Florida Law.

Free Stepparent Adoption Forms

The Supreme Court of Florida provides free stepparent adoption forms. The forms can often be obtained from your local county clerk’s office.

Some people use the forms successfully to complete a stepparent adoption on their own. However, other times families run into issues with the court procedure and have difficulty successfully completing the process. People looking to finish the stepparent adoption process themselves should review the forms and see if it’s a do-it-yourself project they can undertake without the help of an experienced attorney.

If your family situation is anything other than a basic stepparent adoption, then you may find it difficult to complete the adoption using the standard court forms.

Stepparent Adoption FAQs

Below are answers to some commonly asked questions about stepparent adoption in Florida.